Saturday, October 27, 2007

Reflection sa KUMBIRA 2007


1. What are the three things we have learned from my experience with KUMBIRA 2007?

From the Kumbira experience, I learned that it is really very hard to sell your product especially if the company is not yet that known to masses. As I’ve observed there are some booths that only have a few customers hanging out or tasting and buying their products and we took that opportunity to give an interview to the owner or the in-charge. Well, if you’re in the place of the person guarding the stall, you would really feel envious of the other booths having a really long line of customers lining up and willing to taste and buy their product. So, yeah, it’s really hard to be an entrepreneur and it takes a lot of guts, skills and brains but it’s really mostly the guts and the patience that gets you in a lot of places. The second thing that I’ve learned from my experience is that in order to attract costumers in your booth, you must make it creative and presentable—both the booth and your product. The last thing that I learned is that it’s very hard to be the person in-charge of the booth. You must be patient in dealing with others so as them not to dislike you which can affect your product. Also, you must be very friendly to others, confident and free. This can also help in attracting customers. Also, I’ve observed that even though they are annoyed, they still won’t show it and they will do everything for the betterment of their product. This is also why being an entrepreneur is a really big challenge.

2. How will this activity help us in my life as a BM student?

This activity can help me in our BM selling during the intramurals on the third quarter of the school year. We learned lot of things fro the Kumbira experience and we can apply this to our BM selling. The companies there experienced many hardships and so in our selling, we must not give up easily. There are other people there who are having more hardships but they’re not giving up. With that, I will have the strength for the BM selling.

3. If you were to evaluate KUMBIRA 2007, what would be its weaknesses and strengths? What would you suggest to improve it?

The Atrium of LimKetKai where the Kumbira was held was really very crowded and it’s one of the weaknesses of the activity. I suggest that there’s a really specific line for the people who want to buy or taste the product of a company because through this, other people won’t be able to pass through. Also, not all booths gave free tastes especially the coca cola. We really expected that we will be so full that our tummies would ache but that didn’t quite turn out. Instead, we were very hungry, exhausted and our legs were really numb. Another weakness is that aside from the crowdedness, the space of the atrium is really not enough to contain a bunch of students from different schools and judges and visitors all over the country. The strengths of the program, on the other hand, are that it has a lot of booths and activities that keeps the activity interesting like the contests and the table setting and displays. Also, the decorations are appealing and eye-catching. They kind of give you the feeling of being comfortable and that you’re really welcome to join this and we’re so glad you’re here feeling.



What will happen in the future?

Christie Lucagbo’s question #12: What will happen in the future?


This is a very tough question that no human being, not even the angels, can answer. God is the only one who has knowledge of the events that will turn up in the future, specifically YOUR future.

Since we don’t know the real sequence of events that will occur, we can just assume the happenings. We know that our future is in our hands. Whatever we decide at present will affect the happenings in the future. It depends on the person making the decisions. Whatever it is that she chooses, God has a well-prepared and systematic arrangement of events equipped with problems, obstacles, hindrances and resolutions which only the person [like you yourself] can overcome. We can never really tell the exact events. Although God may drop clues to what will happen, in dreams or signs, maybe. Not necessarily the whole situation. It is really up to us to decide.

We are unsure of the things that will happen in the near future but rest assured all these planned events have their own way of molding and changing your personality for the better. People may try to predict and come up with tentative conclusions but, hey, nobody really knows except God. And we all know that. The best thing to do is to just go with the flow of time, accept things the way they are and start living in the present. I’m not saying that we shouldn’t look forward to the occurrences in the future but instead, we stop trying to foresee the events that will come and go in our own personal lives in the future. I mean, they will come. We just have to wait.

Recipes [BM Assignment]

Original Recipe: CHOCOLATE MILK SHAKE RECIPE

Ingredients:
1. Cold Milk - 4 cups
2. Sweet cocoa powder - 5 tsp.
3. Chocolate Ice Cream – 2 cups

Methods:
Blend the milk and cocoa powder in a blender for 30 seconds. Add the chocolate ice cream and whip for 30 seconds. Serve chilled.


Innovated Recipe: CHOCOLATE MILK SHAKE RECIPE

Ingredients:

Cold Milk – 4 cups
Sweet cocoa powder – 5 tsp.
Rocky Road flavor of Selecta/Nestle Ice Cream - 2 cups

Methods:
Blend the milk and cocoa powder in a blender for 30 seconds. Add the Rocky Road flavored Ice cream and whip for 30 seconds. Serve chilled.




Original Recipe: PIZZA

Ingredients:

***Dough:***
1 package Active Dry Yeast1 cup Warm Water (105 to 115 degrees)1 teaspoon Sugar1 teaspoon Salt2 tablespoons Oil2 1/2 cups Flour

***Sauce:***
1/2 cup chopped Onion1 (8-oz.) can Tomato Sauce1/4 teaspoon Salt1 1/8 teaspoon bottled Garlic, or more to taste1/8 teaspoon White Pepper

***Meat And Vegetable Toppings:***
1 cup sliced Pepperoni1 cup chopped Onions1 cup frozen Birdseye Stir-fried Peppers1 (4oz.) can sliced Mushrooms1 cup sliced Ripe Olives1 pound Sweet or Hot Italian Sausage, removed from casings

Procedure:

Dough:

Dissolve yeast in warm water. Stir in remaining dough ingredients. Beat vigorously, about 20 strokes. Cover bowl, allow dough to rest about 15 minutes, or until you have prepared sauce.

Sauce:

Mix sauce ingredients set aside. Heat Oven to 425 degrees Divide dough in half. On lightly greased 12" pizza pans sprinkled with a light coating of corn meal, pat each half of dough out into a 10 to 12 inch circle on pizza pans. Divide sauce evenly between to pizza crusts and spread out. Sprinkle each pizza with 1/4 cup shredded Parmesan Cheese. Sprinkle each pizza with 2 tsp. dried Oregano Leaves.

Meat and Vegetable Toppings:

Sauté' sausage until almost done, stirring to break up. Add the peppers, onions, mushrooms, olives and pepperoni and continue cooking until sausage is completely done. Dump the skillet full of cooked toppings in a colander to drain. Drain very well. Sprinkle toppings evenly onto tops of pizzas. Sprinkle 1 cup shredded Mozzarella Cheese on each of the pizzas. Bake 20 to 25 minutes on lower rack of oven at 425 degrees until crust is brown and filling is hot and bubbly.



Innovated Recipe: HOMEMADE PIZZA

Ingredients:

Pizza Sauce (any flavor)
Sliced Bread
Mozzarella cheese

Materials:

Spoon
Plates
Oven Toaster

Procedure:

Take a slice of bread and evenly spread pizza sauce on it using a spoon.
Place mozzarella cheese on the bread.
Place in the oven and heat for 3-5 minutes.




Original Recipe: ORANGE JUICE FLOAT

Ingredients:
1. 1 scoop of vanilla ice cream
2. Orange Juice to fill the glass

Preparation:
Stir the float a couple of times with a spoon.




Innovated Recipe: MANGO JUICE FLOAT

Ingredients:

1. 1 scoop of vanilla ice cream
2. Mango Juice to fill the glass

Preparation:

Stir the float a couple of times with a spoon.

Sunday, October 21, 2007

Incan Road System

The Incas had an incredible system of roads. One road ran almost the entire length of the South American Pacific coast. Since the Incas lived in the Andes Mountains, the roads took great engineering and architectural skill to build. On the coast, the roads were not surfaced and were marked only by tree trunks The Incas paved their highland roads with flat stones and built stone walls to prevent travelers from falling off cliffs.

Referred to as an 'all-weather highway system', the over 14,000 miles of Inca roads were an astonishing and reliable precursor to the advent of the automobile. Communication and transport was efficient and speedy, linking the mountain peoples and lowland desert dwellers with Cuzco. Building materials and ceremonial processions traveled thousands of miles along the roads that still exist in remarkably good condition today. They were built to last and to withstand the extreme natural forces of wind, floods, ice, and drought.

This central nervous system of Inca transport and communication rivaled that of Rome. A high road crossed the higher regions of the Cordillera from north to south and another lower north-south road crossed the coastal plains. Shorter crossroads linked the two main highways together in several places. The terrain, according to Ciezo de Leon, an early chronicler of Inca culture, was formidable. The road system ran through deep valleys and over mountains, through piles of snow, quagmires, living rock, along turbulent rivers; in some places it ran smooth and paved, carefully laid out; in others over sierras, cut through the rock, with walls skirting the rivers, and steps and rests through the snow; everywhere it was clean swept and kept free of rubbish, with lodgings, storehouses, temples to the sun, and posts along the way. The Incas did not have the wheel, as they had no draft animals, so all travel was done on foot. To help travelers on their way, rest houses were built every few kilometers. In these rest houses, they could spend a night, cook a meal and feed their llamas.

Their bridges, which were made from ropes ingeneously tied together to form a narrow but effective structure, were the only way to cross rivers on foot. If only one of their hundreds of bridges was damaged, a major road could not fully function. Fortunately, every time a bridge broke, the locals would repair it as quickly as possible.

Noli Me Tangere Tauhan Kabanata 1

Kabanata 1

Don Santiago de los Santos – SIya ay mas kilala bilang kapitan Tiago. Isang mayamang lalake na kinikilalang ama ni Maria Clara. Siya ang nagpahayag ng isang pagtitipon na inihayag sa kanilang lugar sa Binondo.

Tiya Isabel – isang matandang babae na pinsan ni Kapitan Tiago na siyang umaasikaso sa mga babae sa pagtitipon upang mapalagay ang kanilang mga loob. Mukha siyang mabait at hindi gaanong marunong mangastila ngunit siya ay madaling mabagot.

Padre Sibyla – Isang Dominiko na matanda ang hitsura ngunit makisig at malinis tingnan. Siya ay isang kura ng Binondo, propesor sa San Juan de Letran at kilala sa pakikipagtalastasan sa mga sekular na bagay. Siya ay pasensyoso, mabait at matalino.

Padre Damaso – Isang pransiskanong pare na makumpas at masalita. Parang si Herkules ang kanyang katawan. Ang kanyang pagiging masayahin ay natatakpan dahil sa kanyang magaspang na boses. Siya ay masungit, madaling magalit at may kayabangan, hindi tumatanggap ng pagkatalo.

G. Laruja – Maliit at maitim ang kanyang balbas, isa siyang sibilyang doon na may napakalaki na ilong at tila mais ang buhok. Siya’y bagong dating sa Pilipinas

Don Tiburcio de Espadaña – Isang pilay na Español na tahimik at may maamong mukha.

Donya Victorina – Asawa ni Don Tiburcio na may kulot na buhok, at makapal ang kolerete sa mukha.

Tinyente Gibara – Isang matandang tinyente ng gwardya sibil, matangkad at parang mabagsik, mabagal, matigas at maikling magsalita.

A very touching story

She jumped up as soon as she saw the surgeon come out of the operating room. She said, “How is my little boy? Is he going to be alright? When can I see him?”

The surgeon said, “I’m sorry. We did all we could but your boy didn’t make it.”


Sally said, “Why do little children get cancer? Doesn’t God care anymore? Where were you, God, when my son needed you?”

The surgeon asked, “Would you like some time alone with your son? One of the nurses will be out in a few minute, before he’s transferred to the University.”
Sally asked the nurse to stay with her while she said good-bye to her son. She ran her fingers lovingly through his thick red, curly hair. “Would you like a lock of his hair?” the nurse asked. Sally nodded yes and the nurse cut a lock of the boy’s hair, put it in a plastic bag and handed it to Sally.


The mother said, “It was Jimmy’s idea to donate his body to the University for Study. He said it might help somebody else. I said no at first, but Jimmy said, ‘Mom, I won’t be using it after I die; maybe it will help some other little boy spend one more day with his mom. My Jimmy had a heart of gold. Always thinking of someone else, always wanting to help others if he could.”
Sally walked out of the Children’s Mercy Hospital for the last time, after spending most of the last six months there. She put the bag with Jimmy’s belongings on the seat beside her in the car. The drive home was difficult. It was even harder to enter the empty house. She carried Jimmy’s belongings, and the plastic bag with the lock of his hair to her son’s room. She lay down across his bed, hugging his pillow, cried herself to sleep. It was around midnight when Sally awoke. Lying beside her on the bed was a folded letter. The letter said:


Dear Mom, I know that you’re going to miss me; but don’t think that I will ever forget you, or stop loving you, just because I’m not around to say I LOVE YOU. I will always love you, mom, even more with each day. Someday we’ll see each other again until then, if you want to adopt a little boy so you won’t be so lonely, that’s okay with me. He can have my room and my old stuff to play with. But if you decide to get a girl instead, she probably wouldn’t like the same things us, boys do. Don’t be sad thinking about me. This really is a neat place. Grandma and grandpa met me as soon as I got here and showed me around some, but it will take a long time to see everything. The angels are so cool. I love to watch them fly. And, you know what? Jesus doesn’t look like any of his pictures. Yet, when I saw him, I knew it was him. Jesus himself took me to see GOD! And guess what, mom? I go to sit on God’s knee and talk to HIM, like I was somebody important. That’s when I told him that I wanted to write you a letter, to tell you good-bye and everything. But I already knew that wasn’t allowed. Well, you know what, mom? God handed me some paper on his own personal pen to write you this letter. I think Gabriel is the name of the angel who’s going to drop this letter off to you. God said for me to give you the answer to one of the questions you asked him. ‘Where was HE when I needed HIM?’ God said he was in the same room with me, as when His son Jesus was on the cross. He was right there, as he always is with all His children. Oh, by the way, mom, no one else can see what I’ve written except you. To everyone else, this is just a blank paper. Isn’t that cool? I have to give God his pen back now. He needs it to write sine more names in the book of life. Tonight I get to sit with Jesus for supper. I’m sure the food will be great. Oh, I almost forgot to tell you, I don’t hurt anymore. The cancer is all gone. I’m glad because I couldn’t stand that pain anymore and God couldn’t stand to see me hurt so much, either. That’s when he sent the angel of mercy to come and get me. The angel said I was a special delivery! How about that?
Signed with love from God, Jesus and me.

Kaya ng Pinoy

This is our peice sa sabayang pagbigkas..


Kaya ng Pinoy
Ni Domingo G. Landicho



Kaya ng pinoy!
Kayak ko!
Hoy! Hoy! Hoy!
Kaya mo!

Sa gitna ng ating mga suliranin
Dapat lang na tayo’y magbigkis ng giting
Hwag pagagapi anumang dumating
Sama sama nating ito ay harapin

Dinanas na nating lahat ang pagsubok
Sa dayuhang lakas tayo’y nakihamok
Ang bayaning diwa ay nakipagtuos
Upang ang lahi ay ating itampok

Sa isang panahon ng kamay na bakal
Pinoy ay tumayo, matapang, marangal
Ang baril at kanyo’y hinarap ng dasal
Ang pagkakaisa’y ating itinanghal

Ang buong daigdig sa ati’y humanga
Pagkat demokrasya’y inangking payapa
Pag baya’y nakapuklod sa isang pithaya
Laksa ng kanila’y lakas si Bathala

Ang mga pagsubok dumating, umalis
Sinusukat tayo, parang tinitikis
Sa lindol at bagyo, hwag maghinagpis
Lakasan ang loob, tibayan ang dibdib

Kaya ng pinoy ang anumang hirap
Ang mga pagsubok lilipas din tiyak
Magkakapitbisig damayang balikat
Kung dusa ng isa ay dusa ng lahat

Kaya nating pinoy, lahi ng magiting
Lahi ng bayaning umalis-dumating
Bayang Pilipinas, iluklok, mahalin
Sama-sama tayong bukas ay lakbayin
Ang kinabukasan ay baying payapa
Lupa at pabrika, mayamang biyaya
Hayan na ang bagong araw ng adhika
Inang Pilipinas, baying pinagpala

Kaya ng pinoy!
Kaya ko!
Hoy! Hoy! Hoy!
Kaya mo!

Noli Me Tangere Tauhan Kabanata 3

Padre Sibyla – Isang Dominikong pare na umupo sa kabisera ng hapagkainan. Siya ay isang taong pino ang ugali at pasensyoso. Siya rin ang namigay ng laman ng supera o nagparte ng tinola sa mga bisita.

Donya Victorina – Maarte at masungit na babae na hindi makalimutan ang pagkakatapak ng Tinyente sa kanyang damit at mga sinabi tungkol sa kanyang kulot na buhok.

Padre Damaso – Isang pransiskanong pare na madaling mabagot sa konting bagay lang at nairita sa pagkakabigay sa kanya ng upo at sabaw na may maliit na leeg at pakpak ng manok sa supera. Siya ang kura sa bayan nila Crisostomo Ibarra na madalas buimisita sa bahay nila noon. Mapagdikta at galit kay Crisostomo Ibarra.

Tinyente Guevarra – Ang inaway ni Donya Victorina dahil natapakan niya ang damit nito at nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang kulot na buhok. Hindi siya gaanong mapagpasensya sa mga babae.

Crisostomo Ibarra – Isang balik-bayan na galling Europa. Pitong taon na itong nawala sa Pilipinas kaya para siyang dayuhan at hindi niya alam ung anong nangyari sa kanyang ama. Siya ang nasa gitna ng diskusyon sa kainan. Siya matalino, magalang at mapagtimpi. Siya ang unang umalis at pinag-initan ni Padre Damaso pag-alis niya.

Doktor de Espadaña – Isa siyang pilantod at utal na doctor. Hindi magaling magsalita at mahiyain.

G. Laruja – Siya ay may buhok-mais na siyang tanong ng tanong kay Crisostomo Ibarra tungkol sa kanyang mga karanasan sa iba’t ibang bansa.

Kapitan Tiago – Siya ang may-ari ng bahay na hindi naka-upo sa mesa dahil wala ng pwesto. Pinigilan niya si Ibarra sa kanyang pag-alis dahil gusto niyang ipakilala si Maria Clara.

The Man With a Hoe Vocab

Hoe n. - a long-handled implement having a thin, flat blade usually set transversely, used to break up the surface of the ground, destroy weeds, etc.

Rapture n. - ecstatic joy or delight; joyful ecstasy.

Stolid adj. - not easily stirred or moved mentally; unemotional; impassive.

Stunned adj. - filled with the emotional impact of overwhelming surprise or shock.

Pillar n. - an upright shaft or structure, of stone, brick, or other material, relatively slender in proportion to its height, and of any shape in section, used as a building support, or standing alone, as for a monument.

Firmament n. - the vault of heaven; sky.

Censure n. - strong or vehement expression of disapproval.
v. - to give censure, adverse criticism, disapproval, or blame.


Greed n. - excessive or rapacious desire, esp. for wealth or possessions.

Portent n. - Prophetic or threatening significance; something amazing or marvelous; a prodigy.

Fraught adj. - Filled with a specified element or elements; charged.

Menace n. - something that threatens to cause evil, harm, injury, etc.; a threat: a person whose actions, attitudes, or ideas are considered dangerous or harmful.

Seraphim n. - a member of the highest order of angels, often represented as a child's head with wings above, below, and on each side.

Rift n. - an opening made by splitting, cleaving, etc.; fissure; cleft; chink.

Profane adj. - characterized by irreverence or contempt for God or sacred principles or things; irreligious.
v. - to misuse (anything that should be held in reverence or respect); defile; debase; employ basely or unworthily.


Distorted adj. - not truly or completely representing the facts or reality; misrepresented; false.

soul-quenched adj. - exhausted

Infamies n. - extremely bad reputation, public reproach, or strong condemnation as the result of a shameful, criminal, or outrageous act.

Perfidious adj. - deliberately faithless; treacherous; deceitful.

Immedicable adj. – incurable.

woe n. - grievous distress, affliction, or trouble

Brute n. – a nonhuman creature; beast; brutal, insensitive, or crude person.

Rebellion n. - open, organized, and armed resistance to one's government or ruler.

The Miracle that are Atoms

My stupid nonsense poem about atoms.. hahahhaha.. was forced to do this.. got an A-


The Miracle that are Atoms


Democritus, student of Leucippus
Believed that matter consisted of atoms
And that all observable things are explainable
Through combinations of sizes & shapes of these particles

Here comes Dalton who paved the way for modern Chemistry
Defined an atom as a minute particle
His atomic model is sphere-like
And produced three laws governing chemical changes

Because of this, there followed three more
The compositions of an atom
By Chadwick, Thomson and Goldstein,
Are neutrons, electrons and the protons

After these breakthroughs, more discoveries occurred
By Rutherford, Bohr and Schrödinger
These brilliants discovered more atomic models
This made the atoms more understandable

Atoms are miracles discovered by humans
For things like those can’t be seen using our naked eyes
These objects may be small and very microscopic
But they sure make up elements that help us in complex ways

Jean Francois Champollion

Describe the values, traits, qualities of Jean Francois Champollion.

Jean Francois Champollion, even as a kid, was very interested in learning different languages especially Coptic. He was really a very determined person and also very perseverant. He never stops trying—no matter what turns out or whatever happens—and he never quit. An example is that he never gave up on deciphering the hieroglyphics even though he was arrested for 6 years just to prevent him from deciphering the ancient text. Also, he has this sort of self-confidence that made him stand up for what he believes in without any hesitation. A perfect instance was that when no one believed that hieroglyphics aren’t just mere symbols but it produces sound like reading the alphabet. He has this kind of admirable trait that whatever he likes or believes in, he sticks to it and doesn’t change his mind because of the masses instead, he would prove to them that his ideas are reasonable and even possibly correct. He is very persistent and humble. He never steps on anyone just to get what he wants, he plays fair. He is a perfect model for the masses, the jack-of-all-traits.


What motives led Champollion to crack the code of the Rosetta stone?

Champollion was determined to crack the code simply because he wanted revenge on the British or as he said in the movie “those English barbarians”. I believe that he is quite mad at the British for possessing the Rosetta stone which the French troops found. Just because they defeated the French and colonized Egypt, doesn’t mean that they can acquire it. I also think that he wants to prove to the British that the French is still better than them even though they had beaten them at war. Another thing is that he believed that he had the skills and the knowledge to do it that he was willing to try.


What were the hardships experienced by Champollion?

What aided him to move on?The main problem of Jean Francois Champollion and Thomas Young, who were determined to decipher the hieroglyphics, was that no one really knew what the hieroglyphics actually were. They know that there are 3 parts of the stone and only the language of the ancient Greek were the ones that they can understand. Champollion strongly believed that the hieroglyphics are actually words that are expressed in symbols, they can produce sound. Another problem was that Champollion was arrested for 6 years. Thomas Young was the one who ordered to do so. There, he still studied the hieroglyphics. His brother and his friend aided him to move on. His brother gave him financial support to enroll at a university in Paris to study oriental languages. There, he made a friend who is also interested in deciphering and learning about hieroglyphics. He helped him in deciphering the hieroglyphics through providing him needed information essential in deciphering the hieroglyphics. Also, even though his professor himself didn’t have faith in him and the priest of the Christian church wouldn’t want him to accomplish the deciphering, he still believed in himself.


How did he bring glory to France?

Jean Francois Champollion brought glory to France through successfully deciphering the hieroglyphics. This also proves that he had beaten the British experts, specifically Thomas Young, in cracking the code and unraveling the mystery message of the ancient text in the Rosetta stone. Champollion proved that the hieroglyphics can be read with sounds. He proved that hieroglyphic texts were paraphrases and not just simple translations. He proved it in front of the people who didn’t believe that he could do it—except for two, his brother and his friend—and also in front of his competitor, Thomas Young. He, with confidence and humility, proved his “theories” are correct. Thomas Young himself congratulated him afterwards, accepted his defeat which means that the French won over the British.


What are the advantages of England over Champollion?

First of all, Jean Francois Champollion isn’t the only one who is trying to decipher the Rosetta stone but also some of the British experts and scholars. They had a great advantage over Champollion for they possess the Rosetta stone itself. Champollion only had to study only the copy of it but the British studied the stone itself. The British were the ones who took hold of the stone and studied the writing inscribed on the stone.


What are the different approaches of Jean Francois Champollion and Thomas Young in deciphering the hieroglyphics?

Jean Francois Champollion took the hieroglyphics as words expressed in symbols. He believed that they can be read and they can produce sound. He used his knowledge and superb mastery of ancient languages—specifically Coptic language—and other foreign languages in deciphering the hieroglyphics. On the other hand, Thomas Young used his mathematical skills in deciphering the ancient text. However, he made one big crucial mistake was that he failed to recognize that the text are paraphrases and not just simple translations unlike Champollion.

Emperor's Club


Explain.
Great ambition and conquest without contribution are insignificant.

We are created in this world with different and superiorly unique purposes in order to attain the goal of doing things for the greater glory of our Lord. We are given different and complex talents and abilities to share, ideas to contribute and express, wisdom to partake, and intelligence and skills to make use of. All of us have dreams and aspirations we would want to achieve someday. Leaders decide for the led considering their situations. If the leader is full of ambition but no action, then it is insignificant. If the leader only conquers but doesn’t govern the land, then the action is undoubtedly insignificant. All of us have something to offer in this society in different simple and complicated ways. If you haven’t contributed something to the society, you will never be remembered in the hearts of the led. Even though we have many achievements and unique ambitions, if we never contributed something for the betterment of the people relying on us (like the leader and the led), then there is no point in serving if we are not truly serving.

Man’s character is his fate.

Whatever attitude you have will bring you to your fate. We all know that your attitude affects your whole future may it be your ideas and decisions in life. Whichever path you choose, it’s you who decide and it depends upon you personality. It affects how you decide and how you influence people in the future. Take for example Sedgewick Bell, he was a cheater. He was never corrected and failed to be reprimanded so in the future, he was and still is a cheater.

The end depends upon the beginning.

Whatever happens in the end depends on how you started it. This can be related to almost anything but since the movie centers on the development of students, it is exemplified like that, in a way. Whatever path the student chooses in his life after he graduates depends upon how he was put up while he was still in school, how he was raised by his parents and the experiences he encountered during his journey in life. Whatever decisions he makes depends upon how his character was molded and how he was influenced in the society when he was on the process of maturing.

Why do you think Mr. Hundert favored Sedgewick Bell over Martin Blythe in the final list of the search for Mr. Julius Caesar?

Mr. Hundert is a teacher with a principle, virtue and compassion. He wants to mold the children for them to become better citizens in the future. He teaches Western History Civilization, Greece and Rome. He is a very intellectual teacher who feels that through teaching his students about honorable men that it will inspire them and it may have a great impact on them. But Sedgewick Bell, a rebellious brat, doesn’t seem to really care about principles and virtues. As weird as it sounds, the teacher believed in the potentials of the boy so much that he wanted Sedgewick to reveal his own abilities and prove to the others that he is capable of change and do greater things in life. Mr. Hundert felt that this was a great opportunity for Sedgewick and that it was unimportant for the intellectual and hardworking student in the figure of Martin Blythe. I believe that he wanted this to serve as a new experience for Sedgewick that will make him believe in himself more and can possibly mold him into a better individual in the society.

How did Mr. Hundert rectify his mistakes in the past?

People make mistakes. These mistakes could easily be forgiven, as grave as they are, by a simple sorry, granted that they never repeat the error. That was what Mr. Hundert exemplified in the movie, regarding the offense of Mr. Hundert committed against Martin Blythe. He admitted his mistake to his student, regretted the fault and said that he was sorry. He didn’t make excuses and nor did he deny his mistakes. He then eventually learned from it and never repeated it. Regarding the mistake he did when he didn’t reprimand Sedgewick Belle is a different story. He didn’t say that he was sorry because he didn’t offend him but he was unfair to his other students. He never recognized the fault of Sedgewick in the past. He corrected it through reprimanding him in the form of inspiring words which is more striking and reflecting compared to scolding a person.

What instances that Martin Blythe had forgiven his teacher?

Mr. Hundert admitted his mistake when he and Martin were drinking together in a bar. He asked him to still join him during breakfast the following morning. The presence of Martin Blythe during the supposed-to-be-breakfast-but-turned-out-to-be party or celebration in tribute for Mr. Hundert was one of the signs that he has forgiven his teacher. He rejoiced for his teacher and was happy for him. He was proud and thankful that Mr. Hundert’s teachings had affected him, in a way and had a great impact on his life. Another instance is the most touching of all scenes of the movie was the last scene. It was when Martin Blythe enrolled his son, Martin Blythe, at St. Benedicts with Mr. Hundert as his teacher. I believe this symbolizes his forgiveness for the teacher and letting him know that he still trusts Mr. Hundert despite the fault he had done against him. He still entrusted to him his son, hoping for him to change and maybe gave him a chance to correct his wrongdoing and make it up to him.

What lesson can we learn from the story?

In this story, I learned that once you are forgiven by a particular person you offended, especially in a grave way (and that you absolutely know it was wrong and you admit it to yourself but you didn’t have the courage to ask for forgiveness), it’s as if all you’re problems are gone and you really feel good. Asking for forgiveness is hard, especially for Mr. Hundert who offended one of his students very gravely. Teachers are supposed to be good examples but human as they are, they can’t help but make mistakes. The last scene, the moment that Mr. Blythe brought his son, Martin Blythe, to the classroom and smiled at Mr. Hundert who was teary-eyed, I was so touched at that time. I empathized with his character, knowing how he felt when the person he offended smiled at him and silently but wholeheartedly forgave him. How Mr. Hundert felt when he was forgiven, can’t control his emotions and began to cry, was very heart-warming and awe-inspiring. He felt like he had satisfied himself, he can breathe again and all the guilt within him were gone. I learned that it’s hard to forgive but it will really make you feel happy if you did. Likewise, it is harder to ask for forgiveness, but once you did, you will feel a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment.

In your high school here in XUHS, how do you want to be remembered?

I want to be remembered as a well-rounded and intimate person who is although part of the pressures in the honors class, can still balance her social life and dancing and sports. A person who is a friend to all and proves that honor’s class students are so NOT nerds and that they can be as aggressive as others in sports and graceful and hip-hop in dancing and still has time to balance social issues and meet academic expectations.

His Secret

This is a short [although not short] story i made for our computer assignment-turned-to-project..


After dressing up in formal outfits and placed their make-up, Tara and her best friends, jasmine and Sandy, were headed for Hilton Hotel in South Korea to celebrate the premiere night of Lee Ji-Hoon’s movie. Lee Ji-Hoon, a famous Korean actor and Tara’s ultimate crush, invited her and her friends to watch the premiere night of his movie: Hello Miss! Hello Baby! Finally getting off the taxi, they rushed towards the doors of the hotel and took a seat in the movie house of the hotel. Their reserved seats were really in front so that they could see the movie and the actors well. The three of them were really very thrilled and excited to see the famous actor and his movie. Moments later, the room slowly became dim which marked the entrance of the actors and soon, the start of the movie.

As the announcer announced the actors, colorful lights flashed around the room. Then suddenly, the lights were turned on and people were jumping off their seats and crowding in front just to take a glimpse of the artists. Then, sandy and jasmine finally saw ji-hoon and quickly told Tara who was thinking about her Korean friend, Lee Dong-Wook or Alex (in English). When she settled her eyes on Ji-Hoon, she noticed a familiar guy beside him. And then it hit her, it was Alex! The three of them were so shocked and were staring at Alex the whole time. When Alex noticed his three classmates staring at him, he directly looked away, ignoring them. They were so bewildered. Millions of questions popped in their heads. Why was he there? Why was he beside Ji-hoon? Who is he, really?

2 months ago...

Tara and her best friends were in their room and chatting noisily about their experiences during the Christmas break. The whole class of 40 was really noisy, all excited to see their classmates and frustrated that classes are officially starting again. Their noise broke when their moderator went in their room, introducing a very handsome guy who’s their new classmate. He is ¾ Korean and ¼ Filipino and he chooses to learn English in the Philippines. While he was speaking, the class thinks he is already fluent except for the accent. Everyone thins that he’s good-looking and extremely attractive. Tara, who was so interested in Korea and its language—mainly because of the Korean dramas she loves to watch—was determined to make friends with him both to learn and to have connections to her ultimate crush: Lee Ji-Hoon.

Alex Lee or Lee Dong-Wook was their new classmate and he sat between Tara and Jasmine. Tara directly talked to him and tried to impress him by speaking in Korean. She knew only a little. She told Alex “hanyanghasaeyo” which is the Korean version of Hello! From that moment on, she started hanging out with Alex. She acted like a tour guide and introduced to him the whole Pringles High School. They are both always together. Tara always tells stories about how and why she adores watching Korean dramas and of course about her ultimate crush, Lee Ji-Hoon. Also, she told him that she and her two best friends are planning to go to Korea by summer but it wasn’t that sure yet. Tara was also teaching him how to speak in English and Filipino while Alex was teaching her how to speak in Korean. Alex also told lots of stories about the famous Korean actors especially Lee Ji-Hoon. Actually, he had so much information about him that made Tara suspicious. Tara loves to research about Ji-hoon and gathered millions of information about him but she was so impressed with Alex who provided her with information that was never known and cannot be found on the internet or media.

For the past month, Alex and Tara were like two peas in a pod; both were fascinated by each other’s sharing and experiences. They were both very honest with each other. They were lie best friends who promised to never keep secrets from each other. Alex, who stayed in Pringles High School even for a week, captured the hearts of many girls. These girls were envious of Tara because both of them are always together and they can’t find a way to separate them. Tara, however, was unaware of this because all she wanted to do was dig information. She is a very open, friendly and talkative person. Because of her personality, Alex, although not fully aware, was starting to fall in love with her while Tara treats him merely as a friend. Soon, Jasmine admitted to Tara that she was one of the girls who had fallen head-over-heels over him. She told Tara to back away and gave the others a chance to socialize with Alex. Tara, who felt a weird feeling, started to back away from Alex a little bit for the sake of her best friends and the other girls who admired him and since that moment on, their friendship grew apart.

Alex was with different groups of girls everyday who were willing to help him and Tara wasn’t one of them. Both of them felt the feeling of longing for each other’s presence but they can’t do anything about it. Jasmine was always around Alex while Sandy was always around Tara. Sandy had a feeling that Tara likes Alex but she just don’t know it yet and even though Jasmine also felt it, she ignored it for she believed that her feelings for Alex were stronger because she had identified it long before. Without communication with Alex, Tara felt so empty. One day, she finally gathered up the courage inside of her to grab Alex and save him from his admirers. They hid in the school’s library. To her surprise, Alex was mad at her actions and left her in the library. She doesn’t know the reason why and somehow, she felt insulted. From that moment on, she never spoke to Alex.

Jasmine started speaking normally to Tara since the incident in the library. Although a little shocked, Tara was happy that her best friend was there for her again because if there’s one thing she hates, it is best friends having a conflict because of a guy. Alex, who was her seatmate, didn’t speak to her also. From that moment on, their friendship was officially over. Not knowing why, she felt uneasiness and longing and a little spark of jealousy whenever she sees Alex with other girls especially with Jasmine. She ignored that feeling until the end of the school year.

On their Recognition Day, Tara made a very inspiring speech about the importance and value of friendship. She thoroughly explained to her fellow batch mates its real meaning through thinking outside of the box and citing examples from experience: friendship should never be ended because of envy or jealousy because for her, boyfriends come and go but friends are forever. Jasmine was so touched that after her speech, she cried and hugged her best friend, admitting that she fooled Alex into thinking that Tara was only using him to dig information about Lee Ji-Hoon. Tara was so upset but she doesn’t exactly know the reason why. It was either she felt that she wasted a whole month mad at Alex or the fact that her best friend lied to her. Jasmine, in order to make Tara forgive her, gave Sandy and Tara tickets for a 2-days-long stay in Korea. Tara directly hugged her best friend and searched for Alex. She then found him outside the comfort room and directly approached him. She first hugged him and then explained what Jasmine did and told him that it wasn’t true. Before having the chance to tell him that they were going to Korea, Alex was called by his parents and left. It was short but for Tara, it was satisfying.

The trip! Tara, sandy and jasmine were all set for their trip to Korea and the three of them were all so excited for the experience of a lifetime. After several hours, the three of them finally arrived in Korea and stayed at the house of Jasmine’s aunt, Sarah. Tara decided to go to Korea’s 63 building while her two best friends were lying on the bed, asleep. After how many minutes, she finally arrived at 63 building. She enjoyed the breath-taking view and took pictures. She then suddenly felt lonely and somewhat lost, like something was missing. While she was deep in her thoughts, she didn’t realize that she was lost. She asked for directions but no one seemed to speak English. After asking a lot of Koreans, she managed to ask a handsome guy who wore a long coat and hat, like he’s hiding from something. Before the stranger had the chance to answer, two guys dressed in suits were approaching them. The stranger grabbed her and both ran for their lives. They hid in a room in Hilton hotel. Then, the guy started removing his disguise while catching his breath. Tara directly recognized him as Lee Ji-Hoon—his ultimate crush. Wow! What a nice experience. After breathing normally, Ji-hoon answered her question and also gave her tickets to the premiere night of his movie later that day to pay for the trouble. Still not herself, Tara thanked him and asked for his autograph. Ji-hoon did so and also explained that the guys were his body guards whom he tried to escape from to see his brother before the big night. Tara didn’t bother to ask who because she still can’t believe she’s in the same room with her ultimate crush.

When she returned to her best friend’s home, she told them about her adventure and they got ready for the premiere night. After dressing up in formal outfits and placed their make-up, Tara and her best friends, jasmine and Sandy, were headed for Hilton Hotel in South Korea to celebrate the premiere night of Lee Ji-Hoon’s movie. Lee Ji-Hoon, a famous Korean actor and Tara’s ultimate crush, invited her and her friends to watch the premiere night of his movie: Hello Miss! Hello Baby! Finally getting off the taxi, they rushed towards the doors of the hotel and took a seat in the movie house of the hotel. Their reserved seats were really in front so that they could see the movie and the actors well. The three of them were really very thrilled and excited to see the famous actor and his movie. Moments later, the room slowly became dim which marked the entrance of the actors and soon, the start of the movie.

As the announcer announced the actors, colorful lights flashed around the room. Then suddenly, the lights were turned on and people were jumping off their seats and crowding in front just to take a glimpse of the artists. Then, sandy and jasmine finally saw ji-hoon and quickly told Tara who was thinking about her Korean friend, Lee Dong-Wook or Alex (in English). When she settled her eyes on Ji-Hoon, she noticed a familiar guy beside him. And then it hit her, it was Alex! The three of them were so shocked and were staring at Alex the whole time. When Alex noticed his three classmates staring at him, he directly looked away, ignoring them. They were so bewildered. Millions of questions popped in their heads. Why was he there? Why was he beside Ji-hoon? Who is he, really? The three of them tried to approach him and he directly ran towards the elevator and went to his room. It caught the crowd’s attention but Ji-hoon simply apologized for his younger brother’s wrongdoings. Wait. What? Brother? Clearly, the three of them were once again extremely shocked. Then everything was so clear for Tara now. Alex knows a lot about ji-hoon because he’s his older brother and he hurriedly went with his [parents because they were rushing for the flight.

After the party, Tara asked ji-hoon about his brother and it was confirmed that his brother really was Alex. She managed to get the card key of his room from Ji-Hoon and she barged in to his room. Of course, Alex was alarmed and jumped out of his bed. He approached Tara who slapped her with all her strength. She now felt so hurt and betrayed. It turned out that she was pouring her thoughts to a pretentious person. After she cooled down, he explained to her that he couldn’t manage to tell her even if he wanted to because he was afraid that she wouldn’t share stuffs to him again. Also, he wanted to be recognized in the Philippines not as Lee Ji-Hoon’s younger brother but as Alex Lee and he felt it whenever he was with Tara. He never wished to break that but unexpectedly; he fell in love with her, that made Tara tremble. She didn’t know what she felt at that time if it’s happiness or regret. She stormed out of the room, bumping Ji-Hoon.

On the way towards Jasmine’s home, she was deep into her thoughts. She never expected Alex to say that. Now she’s confused between the younger and the older Lee. For a very long time, Lee Ji-Hoon was her ultimate crush and now, is it possible that it can be changed? Will she give him a chance? She decided to ask advices from her best friends. After stating the problem, jasmine told Tara that the reason why she told Alex that Tara was using him is that she found out that Alex likes Tara. She became jealous which resorted to that action but then she realized that it was wrong so she gave him up for Tara’s sake. The moment Tara heard that, she stopped the car and ran back to the hotel. Jasmine was the kind of friend who almost never sacrifice anything for others especially if she wants it most but what she did for Tara was really a once in a lifetime action. I guess Jasmine herself thinks that they are really meant for each other.

Tara rushed back to the room of the Lees and barged in uninvited. She first hugged Ji-hoon and thanked him for inspiring her for the past years and then she then approached her Korean friend and both hugged each other tightly. Then they both lay on the bed and slept, dreaming of the things they’ll do together afterwards.

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (1564-1616), English playwright and poet, recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists. Hundreds of editions of his plays have been published, including translations in all major languages. Scholars have written thousands of books and articles about his plots, characters, themes, and language. He is the most widely quoted author in history, and his plays have probably been performed more times than those of any other dramatist.


LIFE

For someone who lived almost 400 years ago, a surprising amount is known about Shakespeare’s life. Indeed we know more about his life than about almost any other writer of his age. Nonetheless, for the life of the greatest writer in the English language, there are still significant gaps, and therefore much supposition surrounds the facts we have. He composed his plays during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, who ruled England from 1558 to 1603, and during the early part of the reign of her closest relative, James VI of Scotland, who took England’s throne as James I after Elizabeth’s death in 1603. During this period England saw an outpouring of poetry and drama, led by Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, and Christopher Marlowe, that remains unsurpassed in English literary history.
Although the exact date of Shakespeare’s birth is unknown, his baptism on April 26, 1564, was recorded in the parish register of Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, a prosperous town in the English Midlands. Based on this record and on the fact that children in Shakespeare’s time were usually baptized two or three days after birth, April 23 has traditionally been accepted as his date of birth.
The third of eight children, William Shakespeare was the eldest son of John Shakespeare, a locally prominent glovemaker and wool merchant, and Mary Arden, the daughter of a well-to-do landowner in the nearby village of Wilmcote. The young Shakespeare probably attended the Stratford grammar school, the King’s New School, which educated the sons of Stratford citizens. The school’s rigorous curriculum was based largely on the study of Latin and the major classical writers. Shakespeare’s writings show that he was well acquainted with the Latin poet Ovid as well as other Latin works, including comedies by Terence and Plautus, two much-admired Roman playwrights


As his family’s eldest son, Shakespeare ordinarily would have been apprenticed to his father’s shop after he completed grammar school, so that he could learn and eventually take over the business. We do not have any evidence that he did so, however. According to one late 17th-century account, he was apprenticed instead to a butcher because of declines in his father’s financial situation, but this claim is no more convincing that a number of other claims. A potentially reliable source, William Beeston, the son of an actor and theater manager who would certainly have known Shakespeare, claimed that Shakespeare had been “a schoolmaster in the country.” Recently, some scholars have been intrigued by a letter from 1581 from a prominent landowner, Alexander Hoghton, recommending a William Shakeshafte to Sir Thomas Hesketh. Some believe that Shakeshafte is Shakespeare, working perhaps as a schoolmaster for the Hoghtons, a Catholic family in Lancashire. However, no absolutely reliable historical records remain to provide information about Shakespeare’s life between his baptism and his marriage.
On November 27, 1582, a license was issued to permit Shakespeare’s marriage, at the age of 18, to Anne Hathaway, aged 26 and the daughter of a Warwickshire farmer. (Although the document lists the bride as “Annam Whateley,” the scribe most likely made an error in the entry.) The next day a bond was signed to protect the bishop who issued the license from any legal responsibility for approving the marriage, as William was still a minor and Anne was pregnant. The couple’s daughter, Susanna, was born on May 26, 1583, and twins—Hamnet and Judith who were named for their godparents, neighbors Hamnet and Judith Sadler—followed on February 2, 1585.


Sometime after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare apparently left Stratford, but no records have turned up to reveal his activity between their birth and his presence in London in 1592, when he was already at work in the theater. For this reason Shakespeare’s biographers sometimes refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as “the lost years.” Speculations about this period abound. An unsubstantiated report claims Shakespeare left Stratford after he was caught poaching in the deer park of Sir Thomas Lucy, a local justice of the peace. Another theory has him leaving for London with a theater troupe that had performed in Stratford in 1587.
Shakespeare seems to have arrived in London about 1588, and by 1592 he had attained sufficient success as an actor and a playwright to attract the venom of an anxious rival. In his Groat’s Worth of Wit, English dramatist Robert Greene sneers at “an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his ‘Tiger’s heart wrapped in a player’s hide’ supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you; and, being an absolute Johannes factotum [jack of all trades], is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.” The pun on Shakespeare’s name and the parody in the quotation of a line from Henry VI leave no doubt of Greene’s target. Shortly after this remark, Shakespeare’s first publications appeared.
Shakespeare’s poetry rather than his plays reached print first: Venus and Adonis in 1593 and The Rape of Lucrece in 1594. These two fashionably erotic narrative poems were probably written to earn money as the theaters were closed from the summer of 1592 to the spring of 1594 because of plague, and Shakespeare’s normal source of income was thus denied him. Even so, the two poems, along with the Sonnets, established Shakespeare’s reputation as a gifted and popular poet. Shakespeare dedicated the two poems to Henry Wriothesley, 3rd earl of Southampton. Scholars disagree on whether the dedications are evidence of a close relationship between Shakespeare and Southampton. Literary dedications were designed to gain financial support from wealthy men interested in fostering the arts, and it is probable that Southampton rewarded Shakespeare for his two poems. Both poems became best-sellers—The Rape of Lucrece appearing in eight editions by 1632, Venus and Adonis in a remarkable 16 editions by 1636—and both were widely quoted and often imitated.


The Sonnets were not published until 1609, but as early as 1598, a contemporary, Francis Meres, praised Shakespeare as a “mellifluous and honey-tongued” poet equal to the Roman Ovid, praising in particular his “sugared sonnets” that were circulating “among his private friends.” The 154 sonnets describe the devotion of a character, often identified as the poet himself, to a young man whose beauty and virtue he praises and to a mysterious and faithless dark lady with whom the poet is infatuated. The sonnets are prized for their exploration of love in all its aspects. Sonnet 18, which begins “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day,” ranks among the most famous love poems of all time. See also Shakespeare’s Sonnets.
Shakespeare’s reputation today is, however, based primarily on the 38 plays that he wrote, modified, or collaborated on. Records of Shakespeare’s plays begin to appear in 1594, when the theaters reopened with the passing of the plague that had closed them for 21 months. In December of 1594 his play The Comedy of Errors was performed in London during the Christmas revels at Gray’s Inn, one of the London law schools. In March of the following year he received payment for two plays that had been performed during the Christmas holidays at the court of Queen Elizabeth I by his theatrical company, known as the Lord Chamberlain’s Men. The receipt for payment, which he signed along with two fellow actors, reveals that he had by this time achieved a prominent place in the company. He was already probably a so-called sharer, a position entitling him to a percentage of the company’s profits rather than merely a salary as an actor and a playwright. In time the profits of this company and its two theaters, the Globe Theatre, which opened in 1599, and the Blackfriars, which the company took over in 1608, enabled Shakespeare to become a wealthy man.


The theater served Shakespeare’s financial needs well. In 1597 he bought New Place, a substantial three-story house in Stratford. With the opening of the splendid Globe Theatre in 1599, Shakespeare’s fortunes increased and in 1602 he bought additional property: 43 hectares (107 acres) of arable land and 8 hectares (20 acres) of pasture north of the town of Stratford and, later that year, a cottage facing the garden at New Place. In 1605 he bought more property in a neighboring village. His financial activities can be traced, and his final investment is the purchase of a house in the Blackfriars district of London in 1613.


Shakespeare wrote nearly all of his plays from 1590 to 1611, when he retired to New Place. A series of history plays and joyful comedies appeared throughout the 1590s, ending with As You Like It and Twelfth Night. At the same time as he was writing comedy, he also wrote nine history plays, treating the reigns of England’s medieval kings and exploring realities of power still relevant today. The great tragedies—including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth—were written during the first decade of the 1600s. All focus on a basically decent individual who brings about his own downfall through a tragic flaw. Scholars have theorized about the reasons behind this change in Shakespeare’s vision, and the switch from a focus on social aspects of human activity to the rending experience of the individual. But no one knows whether events in his own life or changes in England’s circumstances triggered the shift, or whether it was just an aesthetic decision. Shakespeare’s only son, Hamnet, had died in 1596 at the age of 11, his father died in 1601, and England’s popular monarch, Elizabeth I, died in 1603, so it is not unreasonable to think that the change in Shakespeare’s genre and tone reflects some change in his own view of life prompted by these events. In his last years working as a playwright, however, Shakespeare wrote a number of plays that are often called romances or tragicomedies, plays in which the tragic facts of human existence are fully acknowledged but where reassuring patterns of reconciliation and harmony can be seen finally to shape the action.


Shakespeare’s plays were performed at the courts of Queen Elizabeth I and King James I more frequently than those of any other dramatist of that time. Shakespeare risked losing royal favor only once, in 1599, when his company performed “the play of the deposing and killing of King Richard II” at the request of a group of conspirators against Elizabeth. In the subsequent inquiry, Shakespeare’s company was absolved of any knowing participation in the conspiracy. Although Shakespeare’s plays enjoyed great popularity with the public, most people did not consider them literature. Plays were merely popular entertainments, not unlike the movies today.



LAST YEARS


After about 1608 Shakespeare began to write fewer plays. For most of his working life he wrote at least two plays a year; by 1608 he had slowed usually to one a year, even though the acting company continued to enjoy great success. In 1608 the King’s Men, as his company was called after King James took the throne, began to perform at Blackfriars, an indoor theater that charged higher prices and drew a more sophisticated audience than the outdoor Globe. An indoor theater presented possibilities in staging and scenery that the Globe did not permit, and these can be recognized in the late plays.


1613 fire destroyed the Globe Theatre during a performance of Henry VIII. Although the Globe was quickly rebuilt, Shakespeare’s association with it—and probably with the company—had ended. Around the time of the fire, Shakespeare retired to Stratford, where he had established his family and become a prominent citizen. Shakespeare’s daughter Susanna had married John Hall, a doctor with a thriving practice in Stratford, in 1607. His younger daughter, Judith, married a Stratford winemaker, Thomas Quiney, in 1616.
Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616—the month and day traditionally assigned to his birth—and was buried in Stratford’s Holy Trinity Church. He had made his will the previous month, “in perfect health and memory.” The cause of his death is not known, though a report from the Holy Trinity’s vicar in the 1660s claims that he “died of a fever … contracted after a night of drinking with Ben Jonson and Michael Drayton, friends and fellow writers.”
Shakespeare left the bulk of his estate to his daughter Susanna and the sum of 300 pounds to his daughter Judith. The only specific provision for his wife was their “second-best bed with the furniture [linens],” although customary practice allowed a widow one-third of the estate. Shakespeare also left money for “the poor of Stratford,” and remembered the three surviving original members of his acting company, Richard Burbage, John Heminges, and Henry Condell, with small grants to buy memorial rings.


Shakespeare’s wife, Anne, died on August 6, 1623. She lived long enough to see a monument to her husband erected in Holy Trinity Church, but she died just before the publication of the First Folio of Shakespeare’s plays, the more lasting monument to his memory. Soon after her death, Susanna and John Hall moved into New Place, where they lived until their deaths, his in 1635 and hers in 1649. Their daughter, Elizabeth Hall, died childless in 1670. Judith Quiney had three sons, but none lived long enough to produce heirs, and she died in 1662. Thus, by 1670, the line of Shakespeare’s descendants had reached its end.



WORKS

Histories
·
2 Henry VI
·
3 Henry VI
·
1 Henry VI
·
Richard III
·
Richard II
·
King John
·
1 Henry IV
·
2 Henry IV
·
Henry V
·
Henry VIII


Tragedies
·
Titus Andronicus
·
Romeo and Juliet
·
Julius Caesar
·
Hamlet
·
Othello
·
Timon of Athens
·
King Lear
·
Macbeth
·
Antony and Cleopatra
·
Coriolanus


Comedies
·
The Two Gentlemen of Verona
·
The Taming of the Shrew
·
The Comedy of Errors
·
Love's Labour's Lost
·
A Midsummer Night's Dream
·
The Merchant of Venice
·
The Merry Wives of Windsor
·
Much Ado About Nothing
·
As You Like It
·
Twelfth Night
·
Troilus and Cressida
·
Measure for Measure
·
All's Well That Ends Well
·
Pericles Prince of Tyre
·
The Winter's Tale
·
Cymbeline
·
The Tempest

Poetry
·
Venus and Adonis
·
The Rape of Lucrece
·
Sonnets
·
`A Lover's Complaint'
·
The Passionate Pilgrim
·
The Phoenix and The Turtle

Sonnets: 154 sonnets

SOURCES:
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
http://www.it.usyd.edu.au/~matty/Shakespeare/

Noli Me Tangere Buod

Kabanata I: Isang Handaan

Isang marangyang salu-salo ang ipinag-anyaya ni Don Santiago de los Santos na higit na popular sa taguring kapitan Tiago. Ang handaan ay gagawin sa kanyang bahay na nasa daang Anluwage na karating ng Ilog-Binundok.Ang paayaya ay madaling kumalat sa lahat ng sulok ng Maynila. Bawat isa ay gustong dumalo sapagkat ang mayamang Kapitan ay kilala bilang isang mabuting tao, mapagbigay at laging bukas ang palad sa mga nangangailangan. Dahil dito, ang iba ay nababalino kung ano ang isusuot at sasabihin sa mismong araw ng handaan.Nang gabing iyon dagsa ang mga panauhin na gaya ng dapat asahan. Puno ang bulwagan. Ang nag-iistima sa mgta bisita ay si Tiya Isabel, isang matandang babae na pinsan ng may-bahay. Kabilang sa mga bisita sina tinyente ng guardia civil, Pari Sibyla, ang kura paroko ng Binundok, si pari Damaso na madaldal at mahahayap ang mga salita at dalawang paisano. Ang isa ay kararating lamang sa Pilipinas.Ang kararating na dayuhan ay nagtatanong tungkol sa mga asal ng mga katutubong Pilipino. Ipinaliwanag niya na ang pagpunta niya sa bansa ay sarili niyang gastos. Ang pakay ng kanyang paglalakbay ay upang magkaroon ng kabatiran tungkol sa lupain ng mga Indiyo.Nagkaroon ng mainitang balitaktakan ng mabanggit ng dayuhan ang tungkol sa monopolyo ng tabako. Nailabas ni Pari Damaso ang kanyang mapanlait na ugali. Nilibak niya ang mga Indiyo. Ang tingin niya sa mga ito ay hamak at mababa. Lumitaw din sa usapan ang panlalait ng mga Espanyol tungkol sa mga Pilipino noong mga nakalipas na araw. Mapanlibak si Pari Damaso. Kung kaya’t iniba ni Pari Sibyla ang usapan.Napadako ang usapan tungkol sa pagkakalipat sa ibang bayan ni Padre Damaso pagkatapos ng makapagsilbi sa loob ng 20 taon bilang kura paroko ng San Diego. Sinabi niya kahit na ang hari ay hindi dapat manghimasok sa pagpaparusa ng simbahan sa mga erehe.Pero, ito ay tinutulan ng Tinyente ng Guardia Civil sa pagsasabing may karapatan ang Kapitan Heneral sapagkat ito ang kinatawan ng hari ng bansa.Ipinaliwanag pa ng tinyente ang dahilan ng pagkakalipat ni Pari Damaso. Ito, umano ang nag-utos na hukayin at ilipat ang bangkay ng isang marangal na lalaki na napagbintangang isang erehe ng pari dahil lamang sa hindi pangungumpisal.Ang ginawa ay itinuturing sa isang kabuktutan ng Kapitan Heneral. Kung kaya inutos nito ang paglilipat sa ibang parokya ang paring Pransiskano bilang parusa. Nagpupuyos sa galit ang pari kapag naaalala niya ang mga kasulatang nawaglit.Iniwanan na ni Tinyente ang umpukan, pagkatapos nitong makapagpaliwanag. Sinikap ni Pari Sibyla na pakalmahin ang loob ni Pari Damaso. Lumawig muli ang talayan. Dumating ang ilan pang mga bagong panauhin. Ilan sa mga ito ay ang mag-asawang sina Dr. de Espadaña at Donya Victorina.


Kabanata II: Si Crisostomo Ibarra

BuodDumating si Kapitan Tiyago at si Ibarra na luksang-luksa ang kasuotan. Binating lahat ni kapitan ang mga panauhin at humalik sa kamay ng mga pari na nakalimot na siya ay bendisyunan dahil sa pagkabigla. Si Pari Damaso ay namutla ng makilala si Ibarra.
Ipinakilala ni Kapitan Tiyago si Ibarra sa pagsasabing ito ay anak ng kanyang kaibigang namatay at kararating lamang niya buhat sa pitong taong pag-aaral sa Europa. Malusog ang pangangatawan ni Ibarra, sa kanyang masayang mukha mababakas ang kagandahan ng ugali. Bagamat siya ay kayumanggi, mahahalata rin sa pisikal na kaanyuan nito ang pagiging dugong Espanyol.
Tinangkang kamayan ni Ibarra si Pari Damaso sapagkat alam niyang ito ay kaibigang matalik ng kanyang yumaong ama. Ngunit, ito ay hindi inamin ng pari. Totoo, siya ang kura sa bayan. Pero, ikinaila niyang kaibigan niya ang ama ni Ibarra.
Napahiya si Ibarra at iniatras ang kamay. Dagling tinalikuran niya ang pari at napaharap sa tinyenteng kanina pa namamasid sa kanila. Masayang nag-usap sina tinyente at Ibarra. Nagpapasalamat ang tinyente sapagkat dumating ang binata ng walang anumang masamang nangyari. Basag ang tinig ng tinyente ng sabihin niya sa binata na nasa ito ay higit na maging mapalad sa kanyang ama. Ayon sa tinyente ang ama ni Ibarra ay isang taong mabait. Ang ganitong papuri ay pumawi sa masamang hinala ni Ibarra tungkol sa kahabag-habag na sinapit ng kanyang ama.
Ang pasulyap ni Padre Damaso sa tinyente ay sapat na upang layuan niya ang binata. Naiwang mag-isa si Ibarra sa bulwagan ng walang kakilala.
Tulad ng kaugaliang Aleman na natutuhan ni Ibarra buhat sa kanyang pag-aaral sa Europa, ipinakilala niya ang kanyang sarili sa mga nanduruong kamukha niyang panauhin. Ang mga babae ay hindi umimik sa kanya. Ang mga lalaki lamang ang nagpapakilala rin sa kanya. Nakilala niya ang isang binata rin na tumigil sa pagsusulat.
Malapit ng tawagin ang mga panauhin para maghapunan, nang lumapit si Kapitan Tinong kay Ibarra para kumbidahin sa isang pananghalian kinabukasan. Tumanggi sa anyaya ang binata sapagkat nakatakda siyang magtungo sa San Diego sa araw na naturan.


Kabanata III: Ang Hapunan

BuodIsa-isang nagtungo ang mga panauhin sa harap ng hapagkainan. Sa anyo ng kanilang mga mukha, mahahalata ang kanilang pakiramdam. Siyang-siya si Pari Sybyla samantalang banas na banas naman si Padre Damaso. Sinisikaran niya ang lahat ng madaanan hanggang sa masiko niya ang isang kadete. Hindi naman umiimik ang tenyente. Ang ibang bisita naman ay magiliw na nag-uusap at pinupuri ang masarap na handa ni Kapitan Tiyago. Nainis naman si Donya Victorina sa tenyente sapagkat natapakan ang kola ng kanyang saya habang tinitignan nito ang pagkakulot ng kanyang buhok.
Sa may kabisera umupo si Ibarra. Ang magkabilang dulo naman ay pinagtatalunan ng dalawang pari kung sino sa kanila ang dapat na lumikmo roon.
Sa tingin ni Pari Sibyla, si Pari Damaso ang dapat umupo roon dahil siya ang padre kumpesor ng pamilya ni Kapitan Tiyago. Pero, si Pari Sibyla naman ang iginigiit ng Paring Pransiskano. Si Sibyla ang kura sa lugar na iyon, kung kaya’t siya ang karapat-dapat na umupo.
Anyong uupo na si Sibyla, napansin niya ang tinyente at nagkunwang iaalok ang upuan. Pero, tumanggi ang tenyente sapagkat umiiwas siyang mapagitnaan nang dalawang pari.
Sa mga panauhin, tanging si Ibarra lamang ang nakaisip na anyayahan si Kapitan Tiyago. Pero, kagaya ng may karaniwang may pahanda, magalang na tumaggi ang kapitan sabay sabing "huwag mo akong alalahanin."
Sinimulan ng idulot ang pagkain. Naragdagan ang pagpupoyos ng damdamin ni Pari Damaso, ang ihain ang tinola. Paano puro upo, leeg at pakpak ng manok ang napunta sa kanya. Ang kay Ibarra ay puro masasarap na bahagi ng tinola. Hindi alam ng pari, sadyang ipinaluto ng kapitan ang manok para kay Ibarra.
Habang kumakain, nakipag-usap si Ibarra sa mga ibang panauhin na malapit sa kinaroroonan niya. Batay sa sagot ng binata sa tanong ni Laruja, siya ay mayroon ding pitong taong nawala sa Pilipinas. Bagamat, wala siya sa bansa, hindi niya nakakalimutan ang kanyang bayan. At sa halip, siya ang nakakalimutan ng bayan sapagkat ni wala man lang isang taong nakapagbalita tungkol sa masaklap na sinapit ng kanyang ama. Dahil sa pahayag na ito ni Ibarra, nagtumibay ang paniniwala ng tinyente na talagang walang alam ang binata sa tunay na dahilan ng pagkamatay ng kanyang amang si Don Rafael.
Tinanong ni Donya Victorina si Ibarra na bakit hindi man lang ito nagpadala ng hatid-kawad, na kagaya ng ginawa ni Don Tiburcio nang sila ay magtaling-puso.
"Nasa ibang bayan ako nitong mga huling dalawang taon", tugon naman ni Ibarra.
Nalaman ng mga kausap ni Ibarra na marami ng bansa ang napuntahan nito at marami ng wika ang kanyang alam. Ang katutubong wikang natutuhan niya sa mga bansang pinupunntahan niya ang ginagamit niya sa pakikipagtalastasan. Bukod sa wika, pinag-aaralan din niya ang kasaysayan ng bansang kanyang pinupuntahan partikular na ang tungkol sa Exodo o hinay-hinay na pagbabago sa kaunlaran.
Ipinaliwanag ni Ibarra na halos magkakatulad ang mga bansang napuntahan niya sa tema ng kabuhayan, pulitika at relihiyon. Pero, nangingibabaw ang katotohanang nababatay sa kalayaan at kagipitan ng bayan. Gayundin ang tungkol sa ikaaalwan at ikapaghihirap nito.
Naudlot ang pagpapaliwanag ni Ibarra sapagkat biglang sumabad si Padre Damaso. Walang pakundangan ininsulto niya ang binata. Sinabi niyang kung iyon lamang ang nakita o natutuhan ni Ibarra, siya ay nag-aksaya lamang ng pera sapagkat kahit na bata ay alam ang mga sinabi nito. Nabigla ang lahat sa diretsang pagsasalita ng pari.
Kalmado lamang si Ibarra, ipinaliwanag niyang sinasariwa lamang niya ang mga sandaling madalas na pumunta sa kanila si Pari Damaso noong maliit pa siya upang makisalo sa kanilang hapag-kainan. Ni gaputok ay hindi nakaimik ang nangangatal na si Damaso.
Nagpaalam na si Ibarra. Pinigil siya ni Kapitan Tiyago sapagkat darating si Maria Clara at ang bagong kura paroko ng San Diego. Hindi rin napigil sa pag-alis si Ibarra. Pero, nangako siyang babalik kinabukasan din.
Ngumakngak naman si Padre Damaso, nang umalis si Ibarra. Binigyan diin niya na ang gayong pagkilos ng binata ay tanda ng kanyang pagiging mapagmataas. Dahil dito, aniya, dapat na ipagbawal ng pamahalaang kastila ang pagkakaloob ng pahintulot sa sinumang Indio na makapag-aral sa Espanya.
Nang gabing iyon, sinulat ng binata sa kolum ng Estudios Coloniales ang tungkol sa isang pakpak at leeg ng manok na naging sanhi ng alitan sa salu-salo; ang may handa ay walang silbi sa isang piging at ang hindi dapat pagpapaaral ng isang Indio sa ibang lupain.TanongBakit ipinagbabawal ng pamahalaan ang pangingibang bansa ng Kabataang Pilipino?SagotAng mga mag-aaral na nangingibabang bansa ay nagiging palalo at mapagmataas kapag nakakabalik nang muli sa kanilang tinubuang bayan.


Kabanata IV: Erehe at Pilibustero

BuodNaglakad na si Ibarra na hindi batid ang destinasyon. Nakarating siya hanggang sa may Liwasan ng Binundok . Sa maraming taong pagkakawala niya sa bayan,wala pa ring pagbabago sa kanyang dinatnan.Sa paggala-gala ng kanyang paningin, naramdaman niyang may dumantay na kamay sa kanyang balikat. Si Tinyente Guevarra,na sumunod sa kanya upang paalalahanan na mag-ingat din sapagkat nangangamba siyang baka matulad siya (Ibarra) sa sinapit ng kanyang ama. Nakiusap si Ibarra na isalaysay ng tinyente ang tungkol sa buhay ng kanyang ama sapagkat tunay na wala siyang nalalaman dito.Sianbi ni Ibarra na sumulat and kanyang ama sa kanya mayisnag taon na ang nakakalipas. Nagbilin si Don Rafael(ama ni Ibarra) na huwag nitong ikagugulat kung sakali mang hindi siya makasulat sapagkat lubha siyang abala sa kanyang mga gawain. Ganito ang salaysay ng tinyente: Si Don Rafael ay siyang pinakamayaman sa buong lalawigan. Bagamat siya ay iginagalang, may ilan din namang naiinggit. Ang mga nuno nila ay mga kastila.Ang mga kastila dahil sa kasawian ay hindi gumagawa ng mga nararapat. Ang masasama sa Espanya ay nakakarating sa Pilipinas. Si Don Rafael ay maraming mga kagalit na mga kastila at pari. Ilang buwan pa lamang nakakaalis sa Pilpinas si Ibarra,si Don Rafael at Pari Damaso ay nagkasira. Diumano, di nangungumpisal si Don Rafael.Nabilanggo si Don Rafael dahil sa pagkakaroon ng mga lihim na kaaway. Pinagbintangan pa siya ang pumatay sa isang mangmang at malupit na artilyerong naniningil ng buwis ng mga sasakyan. Pero hindi naman totoo.Isang araw may isang grupo ng mga bata na sinigawan ang artilyero ng ba be bi bo bu na labis na ikinagalit nito.Pinukol ng kanyang tungkod ng artilyero ang mga bata. Isa ang sinampald na tinamaan at nabuwal. Pinagsisipa niya ito. Napatiyempo namang nagdaraan si don Rafael. Kinagalitan niya ang artilyero. Pero, ito ay lalong nagpuyos sa galit at si DonRafel ang kanyang hinarap. Walang nagawa si Don Rafael kung hindi ipagtanggol ang sarili.Sa hindi malamang dahilan, bigla na lamang sumuray-suray ang artilyero at dahan-dahang nabuwal. Terible ang kanyang pagkakabuwal sapagkat ang kanyang ulo ay tumama sa isang tipak na bato. Nagduduwal ito at hindi nagkamalay hanggang sa tuluyang mapugto ang hininga.Dahil dito, nabilanggo di Don Rafael. Pinagbintangan siyang erehe at pilibustero. Masakit sa kanya ang ganito sapagkat iyon ang itinuturing na pinakamabigatna parusa.Pero, lalong nadagdagan ang dagan sa kanyang dibdib. Pinaratngan din siyang nagbabasa ng mga ipinagbabawal na aklat (El Correo de Ultramar) at diyaryo, nagtatago ng larawan ng paring binitay, isinakdal sa salang pangangamkam ng lupain at nagbibigay ng tulong sa mga tulisan.Gumawa siya (tinyente) ng paraan para tulungan si Don Rafael at sumumpang ito ay marangal na tao. Katunayan, siya ay kumuha ng isang abugadong Pilipino na si G.A at G.M. Ito ay pagkaraang lumitaw sa pagsusuri na ang ikinamatay ng artilyero ay nag pamumuo ng dugo sa ulo nito.Nang lumaon, ang katwiran ay nagtagumpay din. Nang si don Rafael ay malapit ng lumaya dahil sa tapos nglahat ang mga kasong ibinintang sa kanya. Ang sapin-saping kahirapan ng kalooban na kanyang dinanas ay hindi nakayanan ng kanyang pisikal na katawan.Hindi na niya natamasa ang malayang buhay. Sa mismong loob ng bilangguan, nalagutan ng hininga si Don Rafael.Huminto sa pagsasalaysay na g tinyente. Inabot nito ang kanyang kamay kay Ibarra at sinabing si Kapitan Tiyago na lamang ang bahalang magsalaysay ng iba pang pangyayari. Nasa tapat sila ng kuwartel ng maghiwalay. Sumakay sa kalesa si Ibarra.TanongBakit muhing-muhi si Padre Damaso kay Don Rafael gayong dati silang magkaibigan sa simula?SagotMaraming bagay na dapat ikainggit si Padre Damaso kay Don Rafael, lalo ang pagiging mayaman nito.


Kabanata V: Pangarap sa Gabing Madilim

BuodSakay ng kalesa, dumating si Ibarra sa Fonda deLala. (Ito ay isang uri ng panuluyan, na tinutuluyan niya kapag siya ay nasa Maynial). Kaagad na nagtuloy si Ibarra sa kanyang silid at naupo sa isang silyon.. Sa sinapit ng ama, gulong-gulo ang isip nito. Maya-maya ginala ang paningin sa kalawakan ng himpapawid.Mula sa bintana, natanaw niya ang isang maliwanag na bahay sa kabila ng ilog. Naririnig niya ang kalansing ng mga kubyertos at pinggan. Dinig din niya ang tugtugin ng orkestra.Kung nagmasid lamang ng husto sabahay na iyon si Ibarra, makikita niya kung sinu-sino ang naroroon. May isang magandang binibini na nababalot ng manipis na habi,may suot na diyamante at ginto. Sa likuran naman may mga anghel, pastol at dalagang nag-aalay ng bulaklak. Ang mga umpukan naman ng mga Kastila, Pilipino, pari, intsik, militar ay nakatuon lahat sa kagandahan ni Maria Clara. Giliw na giliw silang nakatingin sa dalaga, maliban sa isang batang Pransiskano na payat at putlain. Iba ang kanyang nadarama. Si Pari Sibyla ay siyang-siya sa pakikipag-usap sa mga dilag samantalang si Donya Victoria ay matiyagang inaayos ang buhok ng dalagang hinahangaan ng lahat.Dahil sa pagal ang isip at katawan ni Ibarra sa paglalim ng gabi, madali siyang naktulog at nagising kinabukasan na. Ang tanging hindi inabot ng antok ay ang batang Pransiskano.Tanong at sagotSino ang pinapangarap sa gabing madilim?Walng iba kundi si Maria Clara.Sino ang palihim na nagmamanman sa dalaga?Si Pari Salvi ang panakaw-nakaw ng tingin at iba ang nararamdaman para sa dalaga.


Kabanata VI: Si Kapitan Tiyago

BuodAng katangian ni kapitan tiyago ay itinuturing hulog ng langit. Siya ay pandak, di kaputian at may bilugang mukha. Siaya ay tinatayang nasa pagitan ng 35 taong gulang. Maitim ang buhok, at kung hinde lamang nanabako at ngumanganga, maituturing na sya ay magandang lalaki.Siya ang pinakamayaman sa binundok dahil sa marami siyang negosyo at iba pang klase ng ari-arian. Tanyag din sya sa pampanga at laguna bilang asendero, hindi kataka-taka na parang lubong hinihipan sa pagpintog ng kanyang yaman . Dahil sa sya ay mayaman, siya ay isang impluwensyadong tao. Siya ay malakas sa mga taong nasa gobeyerno at halos kaibigan nya lahat ng mga prayle. Ang turing niya sa sarili ay isang tunay na kastila at hindi pilipino. Kasundo nya ang diyos dahil nagagawa niyang bilhin ang kabalanan. Katunayan, sya ay nagpapamisa at nag papadasal tungkol sa kanyang sarili. Ipinalalagay ng balana na siya ay nakapagtatamo ng kalangitan. Iisipin na lamang na nasa kanyang silid ang lahat ng mga santo at santong sinasmba katulad nina sta.lucia, san pascual bailon, san antonio de padua, san francisco de asis, san antonio abad, san miquel, sto. Domingo, hesukristo at ang banal na mag-anak.Par kay kapitan tiyago kahit na ano ang itakda an mga kastila, yaon ay karapat-dapat at kapuri-puri. Dahil sa kanyang pagpupula sa mga pilipino, sya ay naglilingkod bilang gobernadocillo. Basta opisyal, sinusunod nya. Anumang reglamento o patakaran ay kanyang sinusonod. Sipsip din sya sa mga taong nasa poder. Basta may okasyon na katulad ng kapanganakan at kapistahan, lagi sya myroong handog na regalo.Si kapitan tiyago ay tanging ng isang kuripot na mangangalakal ng asukal sa malabon. Dahil sa kakuriputan ng ama, siya ay hindi pinag aral. Naging katulong at tinuruan sya ng isang paring dominiko. Nang mamatay ang pari at ama nito, siya’y mag isang nangalakal. Nakilala nya si pia alba na isang magandang dalagang taga sata cruz. Natulong sila sa pag hahanap-buhay hangang sa yumaman ng husto at nakilala sa alta sosyedad.Ang pag bili nila ng lupain sa san diego ang naging daan upang maging kaututang dila roon ang kura na si padre damaso. Naging kaibigan din nila ang pinakamayaman sa boung san diego- si don rafael ibarra, ang ama ni crisostomo ibarra . dahil sa anim na taon ng pagsasama sina tiyago at pia at hnidi nagkaroon ng anak kahit na kung saan-saan sila namanata.Dahil dito ipinayo ni padre damaso na sa oabando sila pumunta kina san pascal baylon at sta clara at sa nuestra sr de salambaw.Parang dininig ang dasal ni pia, siya ay nag lihi, gayuman nagiging masakitin si pia, nang siya ay magdalangtao. Pag kapanganak nya sya ay namatay. Si padre damaso ang nag anak sa binyag at ang anak in pia ay pinangalanang maria clara bilang pag bibigay karangalan sa dalawang pintakasi sa obando, kay tiya esabel, pinsan ni kapitan tiyago, ang natokang mag-aruga kay maria. Lumaki sya sa pag mamahal na inukol ni tiya esabel, kanyang ama at mga prayle.Katorse anyos si maria, nang sya ipinasok sa beaterio ng sta catalina. Luhaan sya nag paalam kay pari damaso at sa kanyang kaibigan at kababatang si crisostomo ibarra, pag kapsok ni maria sa umbento, si ibarra naman ay nag punta na ng europa upang mag aral.Gayunman, nagkasundo sina don rafael at kapitan tiyago na maski nagkalayo ang kanilang mga anak. Pag dating ng tamang panahon silang dalawa (maria at crisostomo) ay pag iisahing dibdib. Ito ay sa kanilang paniniwala na ang dalawa ay tunay na nag-iibigan.


Kabanata VII: Suyuan sa Asotea

BuodKinabukasan, Maagang –maaga pa ay nagsimba na sina Maria at Tiya Isabel. Pagkatapos ng misa, Nagyayang umuwi na si Maria.Pagkaagahan ay nanahi si Maria upang hindi mainip sa paghihintay. Si Isabel ay ay nagwalis ng mga kalat ng sinundang gabi. Si Kapitan Tiyago ay Binuklat naman ang mga itinatagong kasulatan. Sumasasal sa kaba ang dibdib ni Maria tuwing may nagdaraang mga sasakyan. Sapagkat medyo namumuutla siya, ipinayo ni Kapitan Tiyago na magbakasyon siya sa malabon o sa San Diego.Iminungkahi ni Isabel na sa San Diego na gagawin ang bakasyon sapagkat bukod sa malaki ang bahay roon ay malapit na ring ganapin ang pista.Tinagubilin ni Kapitan Tiyago si Maria na sa pagkukuha ng kanyang mga damit ay magpaalam na siya sa mga kaibigan sapagkat hinda na siya babalik sa beateryo.Nanlamig at biglang nabitawan ni maria ang tinatahi ng may biglang tumigil na sasakyan sa kanilang tapat. Nang maulinigan niya ang boses ni Ibarra, karakang pumasok sa silid si Maria. Tinulungan siya ni tiya Isabel na mag-ayos ng sarili bago harapin si Ibarra.Pumasok na sa bulwagan ang dalawa. Nagtama ang kanilang paningin. Ang pagkakatama ng kanilang paningin ay nagdulot ng kaligayahan sa kanilang puso.Pamaya-maya, lumapit sila sa asotae upang iwasan ang alikabok na nililikha ni Isabel. Tinanong Maria si Ibarra, kung hindi siya nalimutan nito sa pangingibang bansa dahil sa maraming magagandang dalaga roon. Sinabi ni Ibarra na siya ay hindi nakakalimot. Katunayan anya, si Maria ay laging nasa kanyang alaala.Binigyan diin pa ni Ibarra ang isinumpa niya sa harap ng bangkay ng ina na wala siyang iibigin at paliligayahin kundi si Maria lamang. Si Maria man, anya, ay hindi nakakalimot kahit na pinayuhan siya ng kanyang padre kompesor na limutin na niya si Ibarra.Binikas pa ni Maria ang kanilang kamusmusan, ang kanilang paglalaro, pagtatampuhan at muling pagbabati, at pagkapatawa ni Maria ng tawaging mangmang ng kanyang ina si Ibarra. Dahil dito si Ibarra ay nagtampo kay Maria. Nawala lamang ang kanyang tampo nang lagyan ni maria ng sambong sa loob na kanyang sumbrerong upang hinda maitiman.Ang bagay na iyon ay ikinagalak ni Ibarra, kinuha niya sa kanyang kalupi ang isang papel at ipinakita ang ilang tuyong dahon ng sambong na nangingitim na. Pero, mabango pa rin. Inilabas naman ni Maria ni Maria ang isang liham na ibinigay naman sa kanya ni Ibarra bago tumulak ito patungo sa ibang bansa. Binasa ito ni Maria ng pantay mata upang di makita ang kanyang mukha.Nakasaad sa sulat kung bakit nais ni Don Rafael na papag-aralin si Ibarra sa ibang bansa. Siya anya ay isang lalaki at kailangan niyang matutuhan ang tungkol sa mga buhay-buhay upang mapaglingkuran niya ang kanyang sinilangan. Na bagamat, matanda na si Don Rafael at kailangan ni Ibarra, siya ay handang magtiis na ipaubaya ang pansariling interes alang-alang sa kapakanang pambayan.Sa bahaging iyon ng sulat ay napatayo si Ibarra. Namutla siya. Napatigil sa pagbabasa si Maria. Tinanong ni Maria ang binata. Sumagot siya "Dahil sayo ay nalimutan ko ang aking tungkulin. Kailangan na pala akong umuwi dahil bukas ay undas na."Kumuha ng ilang bulaklak si Maria at iniabot iyon kay ibarra. Pinagbilinan ni Kapitan Tiyago si Ibarra na pakisabi kay Anding na ayusin nito ang bahay nila sa San Diego sapagkat magbabakasyon duon ang mag-ale. Tumango si Ibarra at umlis na ito.Pumasok sa silid si Maria at umiyak. Sinundan siya ni Kapitan Tiyago at inutusan na magtulos ng dalawang kandila sa mga manlalakbay na sina San Roque at San Rafael.TanongBakit hinangad ni Don Rafael na sa ibang bansa mag-aral si Ibarra?Bilang lalaki nararapat lang na mapag-aralan niya ang ukol sa buhay-buhay nang mapaglingkuran ang bayang sinilangan.Sinu-sino ang mga Santong pinipintakasi ng mga manlalakbay?Sina San Roque at San Rafael ang mga Santong dinadasalan sa tuwing naghahangad ng matiwasay na paglalakbay.


Kabanata VIII: Mga Alaala

BuodAng Kalesang sinasakyan ni Ibarra ay masayang bumabagtas sa isang masayang pook sa Maynila. Ang kagandahan ng sinag ng araw ay nakakapagpapawi sa kanyang kahapisang nadarama. Sa pagmamasid niya sa kapaligiran, biglang bumangon sa kanyang nahihimlay na diwa ang isang alaala.Kabilang dito ang mga kalesa at karumatang hindi tumitigil sa pagbibiyahe, mga taong may ibat-ibang uri ng kasuotan na katulad ng mga Europeo, Intsik, Pilipino, mga babaing naglalako ng mga bungang-kahoy, mga lalakinh hubad na nagpapasan, mga ponda at restauran at pati ang mga karitong hila ng mga makupad na kalabaw. Pati ang bilanggong patay sa ilalim ng kariton at malapit sa dalawang bilanggo rin ay kanyang naalala.Sa patuloy na pagsusuyod ng kanyang tingin, napansin niya na walang ipinagbago ang punong Talisay sa San Gabriel. Ang Escolta naman sa tingin din niya ay lalong pumangit. Nakita din niya ang mga magagandang karwahe na ang mga sakay ay mga kawaning inanatok pa sa kanilang mga pagpasok sa mga tanggapan at pagawaan, mga tsino at paring walang kibo. Sa mga paring nakasakay sa mga karwahe, namataan niya si Pari Damaso na nakakunot-noo. Si Kapitan Tinong nuon na kasama ang asawa at dalawang anak na babae at nakasakay sa ibang karwahe ay binati si Ibarra.Napadaan din siya sa Arroceros (ngayon ay C.M. Recto) sa bahaging kinalalagyan ng pagawaan ng tabako. Naalala niya na minsan na siyang nahilo dahil sa masamang amoy ng tabako.Nang madaan siya sa Hardin Butaniko saglit na napawi ang kanyang mga magagandang gunita. Pumasok sa kanyang isip na ang hardin sa Europa ay nakakaakit at nakapag-aanyaya sa mga ito upang iyon ay malasin. Itinuon niya ang tingin sa malayo at makita niya ang matandang Maynila na naliligid ng makakapal at nilumot ng mga pader.Ang pagkakapatingin niya sa Bagumbayayn ay nagpabangon sa bilin ng kanyang naging guring pari bago siya tumulak sa ibang bansa. Ang bilin ng pari ay (1) Ang karunungan ay para sa tao, ngunit ito ay natatamo lamang ng mga may puso lamang. (2) Kailangang pagayamanin ang karunungan upang maisalin ito sa mga susunod na salin-lahi at (3) ang mga dayuhan ay nagpunta sa Pilipinas upang humanap ng ginto. Kung kaya’t nararapat lamang na puntahan ang lugar ng mga dayuhan upang kunin naman ni Ibarra ang ginto nila (dayuhan).


Kabanata IX: Mga Suliranin Tungkol sa Bayan

BuodMay isang karwaheng nakatigil sa tapat ng bahay ni Kapitan Tiyago. Ang nakasakay sa loob nito ay si Tiya Isabel at hinihintay na lamang na sumakay si Maria. Tiyempong dumating si Pari Damaso at tinanong ang mag-ale. Sinabi nilang kukunin ni Maria ang mga kagamitan nito sa Beaterio. Ang ganito ay hindi minabuti ng pari, bubulong-bulong na nagtuloy na nagtuloy siya sa bahay ni Tiyago. Ang pagbulung-bulong ng pari ay inaakala ni Isabel na mayroon itong minimemoryang sermon.Nahalata kaagad ni Kapitan Tiyago ang pagbabagong anyo ng pari nang hindi nito iabot ang kamay nang magtangka siyang magmano rito. Sinabi ng pari na kailangang mag-usap silang sarilinan ni Kapitan Tiyago. Pumasok sila sa isang silid at isinarang mabuti ang pinto.Sa kabilang dako, pagkaraang makapagmisa si Pari Sibyla, kaagad na nagtuloy siya sa kumbento ng mga Dominiko sa Puerta de Isabel II. Dumiretso siya sa isang silid at tumambad sa kanyang paningin ang anyo ng isang matandang paring may sakit. Sinigilahan siya ng matinding pagkaawa rito. Ikinuwento ni Pari Sibyla sa paring may-sakit ang tungkol sa naganap na pagkakaalitan nina Pari Damaso at ni Ibarra. Ipinaliwanag ni Pari Sibyla na si Ibarra ay taong mabait at mabuting tao. Ang dalawang pari ay nagpalitan ng mga kuru-kuro tungkol sa mayamang binata, kay Maria Clara at kay Kapitan Tiyago. Sa kanilang pagsusuri, ang mga ito ay lubhang napakalaki ng maitutulong sa ikasusulong ng kanilang korporasyon at kapatiran ng panahong iyon.Sa paniniwala ng may sakit na pari, dahan-dahan ng nawawala ang kanilang mga kayamanan lalo na sa Europa dahil sa pagtaas ng buwis na nagiging dahilan ng pagkawala ng kanilang mga ari-arian. Hindi na nararapat, anya, ang pagtataas ng buwis sa kanilang mga lupain sapagkat ang Pilipino ay natututo ng mamili ng lupa sa iba’t ibang lugar at lumilitaw na kasimbuti rin ng sa kanila o higit pa.Bago umalis si Pari Sibyla, naibalita rin niya na ang tinyente ay hindi rin nagsumbong sa Kapitan-Heneral at diumano, ito ay nakikiisa pa kay Pari Damaso. Pero, nalaman din ng kapitan ang buong pangyayari. Ito ay naibalita ni Laruja sa isang pahayagan. Si Pari Damaso ay napalipat pa sa higit na mabuting bayan.Sa kabilang banda naman, natapos na rin ang masinsinang pag-uusap nina Kapitan Tiyago at Pari Damaso. Sinisi ni Pari Damaso si Kapitan Tiyago dahil sa hindi nito pagtatapat. Binalaan pa niya ang kapitan na kailanman ay huwag itong magsinungaling sa kanya sapagkat siya ang inaama ni Maria Clara. Pag-alis ng pari, kaagad na pinatay niya ang mga ipinatulos na dalawang kandila kay Maria na patungkol para sa maluwalhating paglalakbay ni Ibarra patungong San Diego.TanongAno ang pinag-usapan nina Kapitan Tiago at Pari Damaso na ayaw iparinig sa iba?SagotTutol si Pari Damaso na makipagmabutihan si Maria Clara kay Ibarra.


Kabanata X: Ang San Diego

BuodAng San Diego ay isang karaniwang bayan sa Pilipinas na nasa isang baybayin ng isang lawa at my malalapad na bukirin at palayan. Karamihan sa nakatira rito ay mga magsasaka. Dahil sa kanilang kamangmangan, ang mga inaaning produkto agrikultura ay naipagbibili nila ng murang-mura sa tsino.Mula sa pinakamataas na bahagi ng simboryo ng simbahan, halos natatanaw ang kabuuan ng bayan. Sa may itaas na bahagi, may kubo na sadyang itinayo. Gayunman, mapapansin sa pagtanaw sa kabuuan nito ang isang tila pulong gubat na nasa gitna mismo ng kabukiran. Kagaya pa ng ibang bayan sa Pilipinas, ang San Diego ay mayroong itinatagong alamat. May isa umanong matandang kastila na dumating sa bayan. Ito ay matatas magsalita ng tagalog at nanlalalim ang mga mata. Binili niya ang buong gubat. Ang mga pinambayad niya ay mga damit, alahas at salapi. Hindi nagtagal ang matanda ay nawala. Isang araw ang mga nagpapastol ng kalabaw ay nakaamoy ng masangsang na amoy. Hinanap nila ang pinanggalingan ng amoy at nakita nila ang nabubulok na bangkay ng matanda na nakabitin sa isang puno ng baliti.Dahil sa pagkamatay ng matanda, lalo siyang kinatakutan sapagkat nung nabubuhay pa siya, takot na takot sa kanya ang mga babae sa pagkat bahaw ang tinig nito, paimpit kung tumawa at malalalim ang mga mata. Sinunog ng ilan ang damit na galing sa matanda at ang mga hiyas naman ay tinapon sa ilog.Hindi nagtagal, isang batang mistisong kastila ang dumating at sinabing siya ang anak ng namatay. Ito ay may pangalang Saturnino. Siya ay masipag at mapusok. Sininop niya ang gubat. Sa kalaunan, nakapag-asawa siya ng isang babaeng taga-Maynila at nagkaroon ng anak na tinawag niyang Rafael o Don Rafael, na siyang ama ni Crisostomo.Si Don Rafael ay hindi malupit bagkus siya ay mabait. Ito ang dahilan kung bakit kinagiliwan siya ng mga magsasaka. Napaunlad niya ang lugar, mula sa pagiging nayon. Ito ay naging bayan.Nagkaroon ng isang kura Indiyo. Pero, nang namatay si Padre Damaso na ang pumalit at naging kura pareho ng bayan.


Kabanata XI: Ang mga Makapangyarihan

BuodBagamat Don Rafael, ang tawag sa ama ni Ibarra. Hindi siya ang Kinikilalang makapangyarihan kahit na siya ang pinakamayaman. Pero,siya ay iginagalang at halos lahat ng mga tao ay mayroong pagkakautang sa kanya. Sa kabila ng kabusilakan ng kanyang damdamin, siya ay kinalaban ng magkaroon ng usapin at ni wala pa ngang kakampi.Si Kapitan Tiyago man, kahit na masalapi at sinasalubong ng banda ng musiko at hinahainan ng masasarap na pagkain kapag nagpupunta sa bayan,siya ay nakatalikod, siya ay tinayawag na Sakristan Tiyago.Ang kapitan sa bayan ay hindi rin kabilang sa mga tinatawag na casique o makapangyarihan. Ang kanyang puwesto ay nabili niya sa halagang P5,000. Madalas siyang sabunin at kagalitan ng alkalde mayor.Ang San Diego ay maihahalintulad sa Roma at Italya sa mahigpit na pag-aagawan sa kapangyarihan pamunuan ng bayan. Ang mga ito ay sina Pare Bemardo Salvi, isang payat at batang pransiskano at siyang pumalit kay Padre Damaso. Payat siya sapagkat mahilig siyang mag-ayuno. Kung ihahambing siya kay Pari Damaso, siya ay mabait at maingat sa tungkulin. Si Pari Salvi ay ang Alpares at ang kanyang asawa na si Donya Consolacion, isang Pilipina na mahilig maglagay ng mga kolorete sa mukha. Ang alpares ang puno ng mga guwardiya sibil. Ang pagkakapangasawa niya ay binubunton niya sa pamamagitan ng paglalasing, pag-uutos sa mga sundalo na magsanay sa init ng araw o dili kaya ay sinasaktan ang kanyang eposa.Bagama’t may hidwaan ang alpares at Pari Salvi kapag sila ay nagkikita ay pareho silang nagpaplastikan. Sila ay nagbabatian sa harap ng maraming tao at para walang anumang namamagitan di pagkakaunawaan. Pero, kapag hindi na magkaharap gumagawa sila ng kani-kanilang mga paraan para makapaghiganti sa isa’t-isa.Ang alpares at Pari Salvi ang tunay na makapangyarihan sa San Diego. Ang tawag sa kanila ay mga casique.